Guia Incoterms 2020 para compradores de alumínio
As 11 regras em um relance. Transferência de risco, transferência de custo, quem cuida da alfândega, quando o seguro cobre. Feito para compradores B2B importando alumínio da China.
Risco, custo & alfândega num relance
| Código | Nome | Modo | Transferência de risco | Transferência de custo | Transporte | Seguro | Alfândega de exportação | Alfândega de importação |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXW | Ex Works | Any | Seller's premises | Seller's premises | Buyer | Buyer | Buyer | Buyer |
| FCA | Free Carrier | Any | Named place (carrier) | Named place | Buyer | Buyer | Seller | Buyer |
| CPT | Carriage Paid To | Any | First carrier | Named destination | Seller | Buyer | Seller | Buyer |
| CIP | Carriage & Insurance Paid | Any | First carrier | Named destination | Seller | Seller (ICC A) | Seller | Buyer |
| DAP | Delivered at Place | Any | Named destination | Named destination | Seller | Seller | Seller | Buyer |
| DPU | Delivered at Place Unloaded | Any | Unloaded at destination | Unloaded | Seller | Seller | Seller | Buyer |
| DDP | Delivered Duty Paid | Any | Named destination | Named destination (duty paid) | Seller | Seller | Seller | Seller |
| FAS | Free Alongside Ship | Sea only | Alongside vessel | Alongside vessel | Buyer | Buyer | Seller | Buyer |
| FOB | Free On Board | Sea only | On board vessel | On board vessel | Buyer | Buyer | Seller | Buyer |
| CFR | Cost and Freight | Sea only | On board vessel | Destination port | Seller | Buyer | Seller | Buyer |
| CIF | Cost, Insurance & Freight | Sea only | On board vessel | Destination port | Seller | Seller (ICC C min) | Seller | Buyer |
Quem paga o quê (FOB / CIF / DAP / DDP)
Os quatro Incoterms mais comuns para importações China → qualquer lugar. Use para comparar cotações maçã-com-maçã.
● = vendedor paga · traço = comprador paga
Perguntas comuns sobre Incoterms para alumínio
What's the difference between FOB and CIF for aluminum?
With FOB, the Chinese mill pays to load the container on the ship at the origin port; the buyer takes risk and cost from that moment. With CIF, the mill also pays for ocean freight and basic insurance to the destination port. Most Chinese mills quote FOB Shanghai by default — CIF quotes are often 3-5% higher.
Why do aluminum buyers prefer FOB over DDP?
With DDP, the Chinese seller takes on destination customs + duty risk — which they often price conservatively (markup) to cover unknowns. FOB lets experienced importers use their own freight forwarder, which is typically 8-15% cheaper net.
Which Incoterm should a first-time importer use?
If you have a trusted local customs broker, FOB gives you the best cost control. If you don't, DAP (Delivered at Place) is safer — the seller handles everything except import clearance, which your broker handles. Avoid DDP unless the seller is experienced in your destination country's customs regime.